「蒋介石秘録」に見る南京大虐殺
「蒋介石秘録〈12〉日中全面戦争 (1976年)
現在は反中世論誘導のため、南京事件否定論のプロパガンダに余念のない産経新聞ですが、1970年代までは南京事件の否定などはしていませんでした。
国際社会において台湾が中国としての地位を失いつつあった1970年代、反共右翼は台湾に変って中華人民共和国が中国として世界に認められるのを苦々しく思っていました。反共右翼にとって、「反共」「大陸奪還」を主張する蒋介石台湾を支援するのは当然の成り行きだったわけです。
「蒋介石秘録」は、蒋介石が自己の正当性を訴えるためのプロパガンダでもありましたから、当然の如く中国共産党、特に毛沢東を誹謗中傷する内容に満ちています。1970年代当時の反共右翼にとっては、これで充分だったのでしょう。
徒に、南京事件否定論を展開して台湾の国民党を刺激したくなかったのかも知れません。
「蒋介石秘録12 日中全面戦争」P69-70
南京防衛線における中国軍の死傷者は六千人を超えた。しかし、より以上の悲劇が日本軍占領後に起きた。いわゆる南京大虐殺である。
- 全世界を震え上がらせた蛮行
日本軍はまず、撤退が間に合わなかった中国軍部隊を武装解除したあと、長江（揚子江）岸に整列させた、これに機銃掃射を浴びせてみな殺しにした。
虐殺の対象は軍隊だけではなく、一般の婦女子にも及んだ。金陵女子大学内に設置された国際難民委員会の婦女収容所にいた七千人の婦人が、大型トラックで運び出され、暴行のあと、殺害された。
日本軍将校二人が、百人斬り、百五十人斬りを競い合ったというニュースが、日本の新聞に大きく報道された。
虐殺の手段もますます残酷になった。下半身を地中にうめ、軍用犬に襲いかからせる”犬食の刑”、鉄カギで舌を貫いて全身をつるしあげる”鯉釣り”、鉄製のベッドに縛りつけ、ベッドごと炭火のなかに放りこむ”ブタの丸焼き”−など、など、考えられる限りの残忍な殺人方法が実行された。
こうした戦闘員・非戦闘員、老幼男女を問わない大量虐殺は二ヵ月に及んだ。犠牲者は三十万人とも四十万人ともいわれ、いまだにその実数がつかみえないほどである。
『倭寇（日本軍）は南京であくなき惨殺と姦淫をくり広げている。野獣にも似たこの暴行は、もとより彼ら自身の滅亡を早めるものである。
それにしても同胞の痛苦はその極に達しているのだ。』（一九三八年一月二十二日の日記）
南京に住む外国人たちで組織された難民救済のための国際委員会は、日本軍第六師団長・谷寿夫にたいし、放火、略奪、暴行、殺人など計百十三件の具体的事例を指摘して、前後十二回にわたって厳重な抗議を提出したが、谷寿夫は一顧だにしないばかりか、逆に、血塗られた南京の状況を映画やフィルムに収め、日本軍の”戦果”としてほめたたえたのである。
*1
産経新聞などの南京事件否定論者にとっては、手痛い記述のはずですが、彼らのような歴史修正主義者の辞書には「恥」という文字がないため、気にもせず否定論を繰り返しています。
何が「恥の文化」だよ。
*1:D_Amonさんが言及している部分が上記引用の一部です。 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/D_Amon/20120223/p1
南京事件犠牲者数に関する記述いくつか（追記2012/3/4）
「日中15年戦争（中）」P227-228
黒羽清隆氏による教育社1978年3月20日第1刷発行の新書です。引用は1979年6月25日第2刷から。
階級・階層 種別 虐殺人員 中国人男女子供 非戦闘員 一二〇〇〇人 成人中国人男子 非戦闘員 二〇〇〇〇人 一般人避難民 非戦闘員 五七〇〇〇人 中国軍兵士 戦闘員（捕虜） 三〇〇〇〇人 一九四八（昭二十三）年十一月四日に朗読された東京裁判の判決は、その第八章・「通例の戦争犯罪」において、「南京暴虐事件」をとりあげ「一九三七年十二月十三日の朝、日本軍が市にはいったときには、抵抗は一切なくなっていた」という状況のなかで、上表のような殺害があったことを認定した。
そして、さらに、判決は「後日の見積り」によって「日本軍が占領してから最初の六週間に、南京とその周辺で殺害された一般人と捕虜の総数は、二十万以上であったことが示されている」とし、語をついで、「これらの見積りが誇張でないことは、埋葬隊とその他の団体が埋葬した死骸が、十五万五千に及んだ事実によって証明されている」とする。
また、いわゆる「日本無罪論」の見地から、独自の少数意見判決を展開したインド代表のパール判事は、この「南京暴行事件に関する証拠」についても、「曲説とか誇張とかに関する或る程度の疑惑を避けること」が「できない」としながら、なお、最終的かつ総括的な事実認識において、つぎのように断じている（『日中戦争史資料』第八巻）。これに関し本件において提出された証拠に対し言い得るすべてのことを念頭において、宣伝と誇張をでき得る限り斟酌しても、なお残虐行為は日本軍のものがその占領した或る地域の一般民衆、はたまた戦時俘虜に対し犯したものであるという証拠は圧倒的である。
「日本人は中国で何をしたか」P53-54
平岡正明氏による潮出版社1972年4月25日第1刷発行の本です。引用は1982年9月25日第12刷から。
- 侵略戦争に義なし
南京大虐殺の数字は、東京裁判時、中国側の発表では四十三万人である。その内訳は、市民二十三万人、軍人二十万人である。これは最大限の数値といわれている。東京裁判判決では、非戦闘員一万二千人、便衣隊狩りで二万人、捕虜三万人、以上が市内で殺され、近郊に避難していた市民五万七千人が殺され、計十一万九千人が殺されたとし、これが最小限の数字である。洞富雄は『近代戦史の謎』第二章南京虐殺に「犠牲者数の推定」という一項目を割き、四十三万人説を事実に近いものだろうと推定した。
「中国の旅」P263
本多勝一氏による朝日新聞社1971年12月20日第1刷発行の文庫です。引用は1972年5月20日第3刷から。
[注2]230ページ 南京事件で日本軍が殺した中国人の数は、姜さん*1の説明では約三〇万人という大ざっぱな数字を語っていたが、正確な数字はむろん知るよしもない。東京裁判のころの中国側（蒋介石政権当時）の発表は四三万人（市民二三万、軍人二〇万）だった。東京裁判判決では一一万九〇〇〇人だが、これは明白な証言にもとづくものだけなので、事実より少ないとみる研究者もいる。洞富雄著『近代戦史の謎』の分析は、三〇万人、あるいは、三四万人説を事実に近いとみている。
「日本人は中国で何をしたか」と「中国の旅」は共に洞富雄氏の「近代戦史の謎」（1967年）に依拠しています。平岡氏は「四十三万人説を事実に近い」と読み、本多氏は「三四万人説を事実に近い」と読んでいますが、誤記なのか、誤読なのかよくわかりません。「近代戦史の謎」は持ってないためわかりません。
追記2012/3/4
洞富雄氏の「近代戦史の謎」を確認しました。
P141
汪氏の語るところが、そのままに事実であるとすれば、南京残虐事件の犠牲者の数はおよそ三五万人にも達したことになる。昨年九月*2いわゆる大宅考察組が南京で中国人民対外文化友好協会の秘書長から聞いた話によれば、日本軍の入城した昭和十二年十二月十三日から翌年の二月までに、三〇万人の中国人が虐殺されたという（『サンデー毎日』昭和四十一年十月二十日臨時増刊「大宅考察組の中共報告」七八頁）。また先に紹介したように、南京地方法院の報告は、被殺者確数三四万人と言っている。『改造日報』が被虐殺者総数を四三万人としているのは、ちょっと信用できかねるが、三〇万人、三四万人という数字は、実数にちかいものとみてよかろうと思う。
洞氏は明確に三四万人説を「実数にちかい」と書いていますので、平岡正明氏の「日本人は中国で何をしたか」の記述は、誤記か活字を拾った際の誤りと思われます。
*1:姜根福氏の体験については以前書きました。http://d.hatena.ne.jp/scopedog/20120220/1329755602
*2:1966年
河村名古屋市長の南京事件否定発言に関する海外報道
網羅しているわけではありませんが、とりあえず台湾、シンガポール、アメリカでの英語報道を集めました。
シンガポール The Straits Times (2012/2/24)
Tokyo governor backs Nanjing massacre denial
TOKYO (AFP) - Tokyo's outspoken conservative governor Shintaro Ishihara on Friday said that he agreed with the mayor of Nagoya's statement that the 1937 'rape' of Nanjing by Japanese troops never happened.Diplomatic sparks flew earlier this week when Mr Takashi Kawamura said he believes only a 'conventional fight' took place in Nagoya's sister city of Nanjing, instead of the well-documented massacre of Chinese civilians.
China says 300,000 people were killed in an orgy of murder, rape and destruction when the eastern city - then the capital - fell to the Japanese imperial army, and the incident has haunted Sino-Japanese ties ever since.
Beijing lodged a formal complaint over the denial and Nanjing officials said they were freezing twin city activities in protest.
http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_770279.html
アメリカ CNN (2012/2/23)
Fury over Japanese politician's Nanjing Massacre denialBy Paul Armstrong, CNN
February 23, 2012 -- Updated 1418 GMT (2218 HKT)Hong Kong (CNN) -- The mayor of a Japanese city has sparked outrage after playing down a well-documented massacre of civilians in China's former capital more than 70 years ago.
An estimated 300,000 people died when Japanese troops invaded the city of Nanjing in China's Jiangsu province in 1937, unleashing a campaign of rape, murder and looting that became known as the Nanjing Massacre. The event was recently portrayed in a movie starring Christian Bale called "The Flowers of War."
But earlier this week, Takashi Kawamura, the mayor of Nagoya, told a visiting delegation from Nanjing that he believed only "conventional acts of combat" took place there, not the mass murders and rapes, China's state-run Xinhua news agency reported. He repeated his assertion to Japanese reporters Wednesday.
"It is true that a considerable number of people died in the course of battle. However such a thing as so-called Nanjing Massacre is unlikely to have taken place," he said.
"I have said that without hesitation since people from Chinese Communist Party came to visit us. If they think it is not fact ... they can tell us openly as they want. I am ready to hold an open debate in Nanjing to discuss it."
Kawamura's comments drew fierce criticism on mainstream and social media in China, while Nanjing officials announced they would be suspending ties with Nagoya. The two cities have enjoyed close links since establishing a sister-city relationship in 1978.
"The historical facts of the Nanjing Massacre have been solidly proven. The claim by Kawamura is extremely irresponsible. We hope the mayor can admit the historical facts and draw lessons from the past," read a statement issued by Nanjing's information office and published by Xinhua.
A spokesman for China's Foreign Ministry expressed support for the decision at a news conference Wednesday.
"We have made our position clear on the Nagoya mayor's denial of the Nanjing Massacre and already lodged a solemn representation to the Japanese side," Hong Lei said, in quotes carried by Xinhua. He added that China was closely monitoring the situation.
An editorial in the state-controlled Global Times Thursday urged China to put pressure diplomatically and economically on Kawamura to apologize or resign. "We strongly suggest China uses its diplomatic resources to issue sanctions on Kawamura and put pressure on Nagoya," it said.
"If needed, we can also downgrade economic cooperation with Nagoya to add weight to the incident. Such actions are totally morally justifiable. Most of the reckless Japanese officials to deny history like Kawamura had paid their price."
Sina Weibo, China's Twitter-like micro-blogging service, made the incident "topic of the day," attracting more than one million related posts at the time of writing, with many choosing to interpret Kawamura's comments as Japan's official attitude on the Nanjing massacre and other historical issues between the two countries.
One comment from a user known as Sunnyzhouchufei read: "I was planning a trip to Japan in March, now after the incident I'm calling it off. Many Japanese are a polite and well-educated people, but denial of [the] massacre reveals that they are really hypocrites. So this is my way of protest: I'll travel around the world, but never set my foot in Japan!"
Another, called Linglan, said: "Apparently Japanese government is conniving with such comments, otherwise how on earth can a Mayor be so reckless? He must have spoken what's on this militarist government's mind. This incident is in line with the government's long-standing attitude of denying the crime they once committed on other Asian countries. This is shameless, pathetic and hateful. China should halt all ties with Japan all together."
Meanwhile, city officials in Nagoya attempted to repair the damage. "What our mayor said is only his personal opinion. As a city government, we are to follow the national government's perception that the occurrence of [the] Nanjing Massacre can not be denied," said Kazuaki Enomoto, a spokesperson for Nagoya City Government.
"We have been working on building a relationship with Nanjing City for 34 years till now. We are not doing anything about the mayor's idea of a 'debate.'"
Kyung Lah in Tokyo and Shao Tian in Beijing contributed to this report.
http://edition.cnn.com/2012/02/23/world/asia/china-nanjing-row/index.html
台湾 Taiwan News (2012/2/23)
Japan’s denial to Nanjing massacre enrages China, sister-city relationship over
The Chinese city of Nanjing has suspended its sister-city relationship with Nagoya, Japan, after Nagoya’s mayor expressed doubts that the Japanese Army’s 1937 Nanjing Massacre actually took place, the Nagoya City Hall said Wednesday.
The falling out began Monday, when Nagoya’s mayor, Takashi Kawamura, told a visiting delegation of Chinese Communist Party officials from Nanjing that he doubted that Japanese troops had massacred Chinese civilians. Most historians say that at a minimum, tens of thousands of civilians were slaughtered in Nanjing in one of the most infamous atrocities of Japan’s military expansion across Asia in the early 20th century.
The falling out underscored how differing views of history remain a problem in Japan’s ties with the nations that it once conquered. While such denials are common by Japanese conservatives like Mr. Kawamura, they are rarely raised in such a public manner, or directly to Chinese officials. But there is also a widely shared perception in Japan that China’s government plays up the massacre for its own propaganda purposes.
Still, the Japanese government scrambled to head off a full-blown diplomatic quarrel. The top government spokesman restated Japan’s official position that the massacre did, in fact, take place.
“This is a problem that should be appropriately resolved between the cities of Nagoya and Nanjing,” said the spokesman, Chief Cabinet Secretary Osamu Fujimura.
The City Hall of Nagoya, an industrial city in central Japan, said it received what it described as a short and business-like e-mail on Wednesday morning from the city government of Nanjing saying that the Chinese city was temporarily halting all exchanges.
On Wednesday, Mr. Kawamura remained unrepentant, saying that he did not intend to retract the statement or apologize. He explained that his father had been a solider in Nanjing in 1945, and was treated kindly by city residents, which he said would have been impossible had an atrocity taken place there just eight years earlier.
“There are many opinions about the so-called Nanjing incident,” he told reporters, using the Japanese term for the killings in December 1937. “I have said I want to have a debate with people from Nanjing.”
Such disagreements between Japan and its neighbors have quieted from the early 2000s, when Junichiro Koizumi, then prime minister, angered many in China and South Korea by visiting the Yasukuni shrine in Tokyo that honors Japan’s war dead, included executed war criminals.
However, questions of history can still disrupt relations. In Kyoto in December, Japan’s prime minster, Yoshihiko Noda, was rebuffed by the South Korean president, Lee Myung-bak, when Mr. Noda asked for removal of a statue in front of the Japanese Embassy in Tokyo that remembered women forced to work as sex slaves for the Japanese military during World War II. The South Korean leader responded by asking for compensation for the surviving former sex slaves, most now in their 80s. Japan says war-related reparations were settled when it established diplomatic ties with South Korea after World War II.
http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1849870&lang=eng_news&cate_rss=news_Politics
アメリカ The New York Times (2012/2/22)
Chinese City Severs Ties After Japanese Mayor Denies Massacre
By MARTIN FACKLER
Published: February 22, 2012TOKYO — The Chinese city of Nanjing has suspended its sister-city relationship with Nagoya, Japan, after Nagoya’s mayor expressed doubts that the Japanese Army’s 1937 Nanjing Massacre actually took place, the Nagoya City Hall said Wednesday.
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/23/world/asia/chinese-city-severs-ties-after-japanese-mayor-denies-massacre.html
The falling out began Monday, when Nagoya’s mayor, Takashi Kawamura, told a visiting delegation of Chinese Communist Party officials from Nanjing that he doubted that Japanese troops had massacred Chinese civilians. Most historians say that at a minimum, tens of thousands of civilians were slaughtered in Nanjing in one of the most infamous atrocities of Japan’s military expansion across Asia in the early 20th century.
The falling out underscored how differing views of history remain a problem in Japan’s ties with the nations that it once conquered. While such denials are common by Japanese conservatives like Mr. Kawamura, they are rarely raised in such a public manner, or directly to Chinese officials. But there is also a widely shared perception in Japan that China’s government plays up the massacre for its own propaganda purposes.
Still, the Japanese government scrambled to head off a full-blown diplomatic quarrel. The top government spokesman restated Japan’s official position that the massacre did, in fact, take place.
“This is a problem that should be appropriately resolved between the cities of Nagoya and Nanjing,” said the spokesman, Chief Cabinet Secretary Osamu Fujimura.
The City Hall of Nagoya, an industrial city in central Japan, said it received what it described as a short and business-like e-mail on Wednesday morning from the city government of Nanjing saying that the Chinese city was temporarily halting all exchanges.
On Wednesday, Mr. Kawamura remained unrepentant, saying that he did not intend to retract the statement or apologize. He explained that his father had been a solider in Nanjing in 1945, and was treated kindly by city residents, which he said would have been impossible had an atrocity taken place there just eight years earlier.
“There are many opinions about the so-called Nanjing incident,” he told reporters, using the Japanese term for the killings in December 1937. “I have said I want to have a debate with people from Nanjing.”
Such disagreements between Japan and its neighbors have quieted from the early 2000s, when Junichiro Koizumi, then prime minister, angered many in China and South Korea by visiting the Yasukuni shrine in Tokyo that honors Japan’s war dead, included executed war criminals.
However, questions of history can still disrupt relations. In Kyoto in December, Japan’s prime minster, Yoshihiko Noda, was rebuffed by the South Korean president, Lee Myung-bak, when Mr. Noda asked for removal of a statue in front of the Japanese Embassy in Seoul that remembered women forced to work as sex slaves for the Japanese military during World War II. The South Korean leader responded by asking for compensation for the surviving former sex slaves, most now in their 80s. Japan says war-related reparations were settled when it established diplomatic ties with South Korea after World War II.
